A research encyclopedia entry tracing legal gender recognition in mainland China through household registration, resident identity cards, gender appraisal, local public-security procedures, and downstream institutional records, with an original document-cascade model.

A historical study of clinical, media, administrative, and community vocabularies for transgender and gender-diverse lives in mainland China, using a vocabulary-stratigraphy model to explain how terms such as yixingzheng, bianxing ren, gender reassignment, transgender, and kuar coexist across institutions.

A historical map of organizational carriers, service networks, medical referral, community knowledge, and digital preservation in mainland Chinese transgender advocacy from 1995 to 2025.

Using hospital records, media narratives, administrative rules, community hotlines, litigation and surveys, and digital archives, this study reconstructs mainland China’s transgender public history through six documentary regimes and a reproducible source-card method.